This is a brief overview of information about 'Treatment and Education of Autistic and related Communication-handicapped Children' (TEACCH) interventions, taken from the Autism CRC report, Interventions for children on the autism spectrum: A synthesis of research evidence (Autism Interventions Evidence Report).
There are seven other category overviews available to help people learn about different interventions and their research evidence. To understand the information in its full context, we encourage you to access the full report.
Why are TEACCH interventions supposed to support children's development?
TEACCH is a program based on structured teaching, which places an emphasis on adapting tasks and environments to support a child’s independence, learning and participation. It has been used predominantly in classrooms but may also be used in home or community settings.
TEACCH is based on a proposed profile of the strengths, preferences, and needs of children on the autism spectrum, including a desire for routine, relative strength in processing visual information, heightened attention to detail, and strong sensory preferences and aversions. Collectively, TEACCH describes this profile as the ‘culture of autism’1, and seeks to adapt the learning environment to enhance learning opportunities.
How are these interventions used in clinical practice?
The TEACCH program was developed in North Carolina (USA) and involves both a clinical service and professional training program1. Classrooms are organised to create structure and predictability through four key components:
- arranging the physical environment to minimise sensory distractions, and to create clearly-defined spaces,
- visual schedules to enhance predictability,
- work systems to inform the child about "what to do", "how long for", "when the task is finished", and "what happens next", and
- visual structure to enhance clarity.
Although the TEACCH program is based in the USA, structured teaching as a practice and constituent techniques (e.g., visual schedules) are widely adopted across international educational and clinical settings1.
What are the principles that underpin the use of behavioural interventions?
Four ‘essential mechanisms’ have been described for TEACCH1:
- Structuring the environment and activities in ways that are understandable to the individual.
- Using individuals’ (proposed) relative strengths in visual processing and interest in visual details to supplement other areas of relatively weaker skills.
- Using individuals’ special interests to engage them in learning.
- Supporting self-initiated use of meaningful communication.
Who delivers these interventions?
Children on the autism spectrum often have needs across multiple domains of learning, and physical and mental health. Accordingly, children and families may benefit from the expertise of a range of clinical practitioners spanning health, education and medical disciplines.
For all intervention categories, it is essential that clinical practitioners have acquired appropriate qualifications, are regulated (e.g., by a professional or government body), and deliver interventions that are within their scope of practice. A detailed explanation is provided in the full report.
What is the evidence for the effect of TEACCH interventions on child and family outcomes?
Below is a summary of the evidence for the effect of TEACCH interventions on child and family outcomes, taken from systematic reviews published since 2010. This means that a range of relevant individual studies have been considered, and thus reflects the best available evidence at this point in time.
Listed first are findings from systematic reviews that considered a mixture of TEACCH interventions. Following that are findings relating to specific TEACCH intervention practices.
- Each cell represents evidence for the intervention category or practice (horizontal rows) on various child and family outcomes (vertical columns).
- The effect of these interventions on a range of child and family outcomes is summarised as positive, null, or mixed.
means that all available evidence indicated a positive effect of the intervention on a given child or family outcome.
means that there was a mixture of positive and null effects reported for the intervention on a given child or family outcome.
means that all available evidence indicated a null effect of the intervention on a given child or family outcome.
- H / M / L indicates the methodological quality of the evidence that contributed to the overall intervention effect for a given child or family outcome. The quality of evidence on which these findings are based is summarised as high, moderate, or low. These quality ratings are relative to those that met the minimum standards to be included in the report. Where there is more than one quality rating, it means more than one systematic review is represented.
- H indicates evidence from a high quality review
- M indicates evidence from a moderate quality review
- L indicates evidence from a low quality review
- Where a cell is empty, it means there was no evidence available from the systematic reviews included in the report.
Please refer to the full report for a detailed explanation of the process used to collect, summarise, and synthesise the evidence presented here.
Summary of evidence table
Core autism characteristics | Related skills and development | Education and participation | Family wellbeing | ||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Interventions | No. of systematic reviews | Overall autistic characteristics | Social-communication | Restricted and repetitive interests and behaviours | Sensory behaviours | Communication | Expressive language | Receptive language | Cognition | Motor | Social-emotional/ challenging behaviour | Play | Adaptive behaviour | General outcomes | School/ learning readiness | Academic skills | Quality of life | Community participation | Caregiver communication and interaction strategies | Caregiver social emotional wellbeing | Caregiver satisfaction | Caregiver financial wellbeing | Child satisfaction |
Systematic review of TEACCH* | 1 | M | |||||||||||||||||||||
Structured teaching | 1 | L | |||||||||||||||||||||
Systematic review of TEACCH*
No. of systematic reviews: 1
Core autism characteristics
Overall autistic characteristics: No evidence available
Social-communication: Null effect (Evidence from 1 moderate quality review)
Restricted and repetitive interests and behaviours: No evidence available
Sensory behaviours: No evidence available
Related skills and development
Communication: No evidence available
Expressive language: No evidence available
Receptive language: No evidence available
Cognition: No evidence available
Motor: No evidence available
Social-emotional/ challenging behaviour: No evidence available
Play: No evidence available
Adaptive behaviour: No evidence available
General outcomes: No evidence available
Education and participation
School/ learning readiness: No evidence available
Academic skills: No evidence available
Quality of life: No evidence available
Community participation: No evidence available
Family wellbeing
Caregiver communication and interaction strategies: No evidence available
Caregiver social emotional wellbeing: No evidence available
Caregiver satisfaction: No evidence available
Caregiver financial wellbeing: No evidence available
Child satisfaction: No evidence available
Structured teaching
No. of systematic reviews: 1
Core autism characteristics
Overall autistic characteristics: No evidence available
Social-communication: No evidence available
Restricted and repetitive interests and behaviours: No evidence available
Sensory behaviours: No evidence available
Related skills and development
Communication: No evidence available
Expressive language: No evidence available
Receptive language: No evidence available
Cognition: No evidence available
Motor: No evidence available
Social-emotional/ challenging behaviour: No evidence available
Play: No evidence available
Adaptive behaviour: No evidence available
General outcomes: Inconsistent effect (Evidence from 1 low quality review)
Education and participation
School/ learning readiness: No evidence available
Academic skills: No evidence available
Quality of life: No evidence available
Community participation: No evidence available
Family wellbeing
Caregiver communication and interaction strategies: No evidence available
Caregiver social emotional wellbeing: No evidence available
Caregiver satisfaction: No evidence available
Caregiver financial wellbeing: No evidence available
Child satisfaction: No evidence available
*Practices included in systematic reviews of assorted TEACCH interventions
Not specified
View the full evidence table for all intervention categories
Full reference of report
Whitehouse, A., Varcin, K., Waddington, H., Sulek, R., Bent, C., Ashburner, J., Eapen, V., Goodall, E., Hudry, K., Roberts, J., Silove, N., Trembath, D. Interventions for children on the autism spectrum: A synthesis of research evidence. Autism CRC, Brisbane, 2020
Intervention category overviews
- Behavioural interventions
- Developmental interventions
- Naturalistic developmental behavioural interventions
- Sensory-based interventions
- Technology-based interventions
- Animal-assisted interventions
- Cognitive behaviour therapy
- Treatment and Education of Autistic and related Communication-handicapped Children (TEACCH) interventions
References
- Mesibov, G. B., & Shea, V. (2010). The TEACCH program in the era of evidence-based practice. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 40(5), 570-579. doi:10.1007/s10803-009-0901-6